In these studies, the researchers first defined the high-risk genotype (or allele) at each locus. There are several terms describing the act of data dredging.To examine the joint effect of multiple loci on disease risk, many case-control association studies used “gene-dose analyses” (we found 40 articles with gene-dose analysis from January 1998 to May 2005 in six esteemed cancer journals: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, Cancer Research, Carcinogenesis, Clinical Cancer Research, International Journal of Cancer, and the Journal of the National Cancer Institute). “When a large number of associations can be looked at in a dataset where only a few real associations exist, a P value of 0.05 is compatible with the large majority of findings still being false positives.” Data dredging results in false positive results. Manufacturing: creating entire data sets de novo, … ĭata dredging is looking for too many possible associations in a dataset to see of any of them are statistically significant.Fudging: creating data points to augment incomplete data sets ….Slanting: … selecting certain trends in the data, … discarding others which do not fit ….Smoothing: discarding data points too far removed from expected … values.Extrapolating: … predicting future trends based on unsupported assumptions ….
Massaging: … extensive transformations or other maneuvers to make inconclusive data appear … conclusive.Improper data use undermines the ethos of science and the corresponding misleading results can misguide and distort the production of knowledge.
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